ProMED-mail

ProMED-mail



    

• 31 Oct 2015 Human enterovirus D68 - Japan
• 31 Oct 2015 Mumps - Argentina: (SF) increased incidence
• 31 Oct 2015 E. coli EHEC - USA (17): (WA,OR) restaurant chain
• 31 Oct 2015 MERS-CoV (151): WHO, Saudi Arabia (RI,AH) cases
• 31 Oct 2015 Brucellosis - Israel (02): (HD) melitensis, bovine, human, RFI
• 31 Oct 2015 Invasive mosquito - USA (12): (CA)
• 30 Oct 2015 Small hive beetle infestation (_Aethina tumida_) apis - Italy: (LB) OIE
• 30 Oct 2015 Vesicular stomatitis - USA (25): (UT) livestock
• 30 Oct 2015 Undiagnosed illness - South Korea: (Seoul) pneumonia, veterinary students, RFI
• 30 Oct 2015 Zika virus - Colombia (02)
• 30 Oct 2015 Campylobacteriosis, E. coli EHEC - USA (02): (ID) unpasteurized milk
• 30 Oct 2015 Rabies - Taiwan: (CH) ferret-badger, human exposure
• 30 Oct 2015 Fungal infection, contaminated drug - USA: 2012-2014, follow up
• 30 Oct 2015 Shigellosis - USA (06): (CA,MO)
• 30 Oct 2015 American foulbrood, apis - South Africa (04)
• 30 Oct 2015 Cholera, diarrhea & dysentery update (33): Greece, RFI
• 30 Oct 2015 Plague - USA (17): (OR) bubonic
• 30 Oct 2015 Tan spot, wheat - New Zealand: (CA)
• 29 Oct 2015 Brucellosis - Bulgaria (04): (KY, PV) melitensis, livestock, update, RFI
• 29 Oct 2015 Anthrax - UK (03): (England) bovine, 2nd confirm.
• 29 Oct 2015 Canine distemper, wildlife - Canada: (ON) raccoon, alert
• 29 Oct 2015 Cyanide poisoning, elephant - Zimbabwe: (Hwange Natl. Park)
• 29 Oct 2015 Undiagnosed illness, canine - Canada (02): (ON) canine influenza susp., comment
• 29 Oct 2015 African swine fever - Ukraine (08): (OD,MY) domestic swine, OIE, spread
• 29 Oct 2015 Legionellosis - USA (19): (WA) grocery produce misters susp, RFI
• 29 Oct 2015 Phytophthora dieback, juniper - UK: (Scotland)
• 28 Oct 2015 Ebola update (121): WHO update, susp. vaccine, research, funding
• 28 Oct 2015 Anthrax - UK (02): (England) bovine
• 28 Oct 2015 Vesicular stomatitis - USA (24) (WY): livestock
• 28 Oct 2015 Undiagnosed illness, canine - Canada (ON): canine influenza susp.
• 28 Oct 2015 Cadmium, human exposure - China: (JX)
• 28 Oct 2015 Rabies - Indonesia (10): (BA) comments
• 28 Oct 2015 Bluetongue - Europe (12): Hungary, bovine, ovine, spread, st pending, OIE, RFI
• 28 Oct 2015 Leishmaniasis, visceral - South Sudan (02)
• 28 Oct 2015 Non-TB mycobacteria - USA: (PA) nosocomial, susp heater cooler machine, 2011-15
• 27 Oct 2015 Foot & mouth disease - Zambia: (WE) bovine, st. pending, OIE
• 27 Oct 2015 Canine distemper, wildlife - USA (06): (NC) raccoon, fox
• 27 Oct 2015 Shigellosis - USA (05): (CA) restaurant
• 27 Oct 2015 Rabies - India (10): (TN) canine, human
• 27 Oct 2015 MERS-CoV (150): WHO update, Saudi Arabia (RI, AH) MOH, S. Korea quarantine
• 27 Oct 2015 Hepatitis E - Japan: 1st chronic cases
• 27 Oct 2015 Dengue/DHF update (32): Americas, Asia, Indian Ocean
• 27 Oct 2015 Pertussis - Sudan: (ND)
• 27 Oct 2015 Cholera, diarrhea & dysentery update (32): Africa, Asia, Europe
• 26 Oct 2015 Chikungunya (31): Americas, Africa
• 26 Oct 2015 Undiagnosed diseases, livestock - South Sudan: (UN) RFI
• 26 Oct 2015 Anthrax - UK: (England) bovine
• 26 Oct 2015 West Nile virus - Europe (09): France, human, equine
• 26 Oct 2015 Rift Valley fever - Mauritania (02)
• 26 Oct 2015 Cholera, diarrhea & dysentery update (31): Middle East (Syria, Iraq)
• 26 Oct 2015 Intestinal parasites, canine - USA (02): (SC) increase, comment, pythiosis
• 26 Oct 2015 Malaria: RTS,S vaccine, WHO recommendations for use
• 26 Oct 2015 Ebola update (120): WHO update, susp, vaccine, research, funding
• 25 Oct 2015 Intestinal parasites, canine - USA: (SC) unexpected increase, RFI
• 25 Oct 2015 Chickenpox & scarlet fever - Bulgaria: (PD)
• 25 Oct 2015 Leishmaniasis - India: miltefosine resistance
• 25 Oct 2015 Invasive mosquito - USA (11): (CA)
• 25 Oct 2015 Listeriosis - USA (11): fatal, soft cheeses, update, investigation closed
• 24 Oct 2015 Yellow fever - Africa (06): South Sudan, fake cards
• 24 Oct 2015 MERS-CoV (149): WHO update, Saudi Arabia (RI) cases, fatality
• 24 Oct 2015 Leishmaniasis, visceral - Brazil: (MS)
• 23 Oct 2015 Venezuelan equine encephalitis - Costa Rica: (GU) equine
• 23 Oct 2015 Undiagnosed hemorrhagic fever - Sudan (02): (Darfur) RFI
• 23 Oct 2015 Viral hemorrhagic septicemia, fish - Iceland: (SU) lumpfish, 1st rep, OIE
• 23 Oct 2015 Zika virus - Jamaica: susp.
• 23 Oct 2015 African swine fever - Ukraine (07): (PL) domestic swine, OIE, spread
• 23 Oct 2015 Rabies - Bolivia (02): (CB) bovine
• 23 Oct 2015 Vesicular stomatitis - USA (23): (UT) equine
• 23 Oct 2015 Hand, foot & mouth disease - USA: (WI) school
• 23 Oct 2015 Malaria - Thailand
• 23 Oct 2015 Lumpy skin disease, bovine - Greece (07): (MC) spread, OIE
• 23 Oct 2015 Clubroot, oilseed rape - Canada: (MB)
• 23 Oct 2015 MERS-CoV (148): WHO update, Saudi Arabia, new cases, recoveries
• 22 Oct 2015 Vesicular stomatitis - USA (22): (NE) equine
• 22 Oct 2015 Impetigo - USA (02): (VI) alert
• 22 Oct 2015 Chronic wasting disease, cervid - USA (08): (TX)
• 22 Oct 2015 Botulism - USA (14): canned seafood, risk, recall
• 22 Oct 2015 Shigellosis - USA (04): (CA) restaurant
• 22 Oct 2015 West Nile virus - Europe (08): (France) equine, spread
• 22 Oct 2015 Seasonal pasture myopathy - UK: (England) alert
• 22 Oct 2015 Rabies - Indonesia (09): (BA) canine, comment
• 22 Oct 2015 Influenza (52): WHO global update, seasonal
• 22 Oct 2015 Campylobacteriosis, E. coli EHEC - USA: (ID) unpasteurized milk, recall
• 22 Oct 2015 Sugarcane streak mosaic virus - Indonesia: (Java)
• 22 Oct 2015 Equine influenza, equine - Malaysia (05): ex N Zealand/Singapore NOT, comments
• 22 Oct 2015 Fusarium wilt, lettuce - Netherlands
• 21 Oct 2015 Ebola update (119): WHO update, susp. vaccine, research, funding
• 21 Oct 2015 MERS-CoV (147): ECDC update, Saudi Arabia (RI) new case
• 21 Oct 2015 Equine influenza - USA (02): (OR)
• 21 Oct 2015 West Nile virus - Americas (06): USA (CA) equine
• 21 Oct 2015 Aflatoxin, grain - Malawi
• 21 Oct 2015 Crimean-Congo hem. fever - Pakistan (18): (PB)
• 21 Oct 2015 Salmonellosis, st. infantis - Canada: RFI
• 21 Oct 2015 Rabies - Indonesia (08): (BA) canine, tourist exposed
• 21 Oct 2015 Foot & mouth disease - China (02): (LN) porcine, susp, RFI
• 21 Oct 2015 Hepatitis C - Singapore: nosocomial cluster, fatal, RFI
• 21 Oct 2015 Hepatitis E - France: 2013, raw pork stuffing
• 21 Oct 2015 Shigellosis - USA (03): travel, MSM, antimicrobial resistance
• 21 Oct 2015 Measles update (40): Congo DR
• 21 Oct 2015 Invasive mosquito - USA (10): (CA)
• 21 Oct 2015 Radiation, cancer - Japan
• 21 Oct 2015 Avian influenza (192): Palestinian Auth (GZ) HPAI H5, OIE, spread, RFI
• 20 Oct 2015 Hand, foot & mouth disease - Turcs and Caicos Islands RFI
• 20 Oct 2015 Anthrax - Kenya (05): (ME) bovine, human, susp.
• 20 Oct 2015 Hantavirus update - Americas (38): Argentina (BA) RFI
• 20 Oct 2015 MERS-CoV (146): Saudi Arabia (Hufoof) new cases, vaccine
• 20 Oct 2015 Undiagnosed die-off, marine wildlife - Mexico: dolphin, turtle, sea lion, RFI
• 20 Oct 2015 Respiratory infections - Canada: (AB) Hajj returnees
• 20 Oct 2015 Scrub typhus - Nepal (02): (KT)
• 20 Oct 2015 MERS-CoV (145): Saudi Arabia (Riyadh) South Korea
• 20 Oct 2015 Avian influenza, human (123): China (ZJ) H7N9 new cases
• 19 Oct 2015 Foot & mouth disease - Saudi Arabia: (RI) bovine and ovine, new strain, serotype A, OIE
• 19 Oct 2015 Crimean-Congo hem. fever - Pakistan (17): (NW, SD)
• 19 Oct 2015 Salmonellosis, st Poona - USA (07): Mexican cucumbers, fatal
• 19 Oct 2015 E. coli EHEC - UK (07): (Scotland) O157, venison
• 19 Oct 2015 Q fever - Australia (02): (VI)
• 19 Oct 2015 Lumpy skin disease - Georgia/Russia: (South Ossetia) bovine, susp, RFI
• 19 Oct 2015 Norovirus - middle & high income countries: elderly, retrospective studies
• 19 Oct 2015 Syphilis - USA (14): (NY) increased incidence, MSM, RFI
• 18 Oct 2015 Septoria blotch, wheat - Ethiopia: survey of incidence
• 18 Oct 2015 Zika virus - Colombia
• 18 Oct 2015 Malaria - South Sudan (02): (NB)
• 18 Oct 2015 Ebola update (118): WHO, susp, vaccines, research
• 18 Oct 2015 MERS-CoV (144): Saudi Arabia, 2 new cases, Nora Univ no student cases
• 18 Oct 2015 Rabies - USA (44): (GA) bat, human exposure
• 17 Oct 2015 Avian influenza, human (122): China (ZJ) 4th wave H7N9
• 17 Oct 2015 Klebsiella pneumoniae - Portugal: (PO) resistant, KPC, nosocomial, fatal
• 17 Oct 2015 NDM-5 carrying K. pneumoniae - Netherlands: nosocomial, no history of travel
• 17 Oct 2015 MERS-CoV (143): Kenya, animal reservoir, camel, serosurveillance
• 17 Oct 2015 MERS-CoV (142): South Korea, patient relapse, contacts quarantined
• 17 Oct 2015 Antibiotic resistance, E. coli - USA: ESBL, community-associated
• 17 Oct 2015 Seneca Valley virus - USA (MN): swine
• 17 Oct 2015 West Nile virus - Americas (05): USA (NJ) equine
• 17 Oct 2015 Porcine epidemic diarrhea & Delta coronavirus - North America: update
• 17 Oct 2015 Vesicular stomatitis - USA (21): (WY) livestock
• 16 Oct 2015 Sheep pox & goat pox - Russia (02): (PR) ovine, OIE
• 16 Oct 2015 Lumpy skin disease, bovine - Russia (03): spread, OIE
• 16 Oct 2015 Foot & mouth disease - Mongolia (02): (BO) multiple species, st. pending, OIE
• 16 Oct 2015 Rabies - USA (43): (MO) human, 2014 possible case
• 16 Oct 2015 MERS-CoV (141): Saudi Arabia, animal reservoir, camel debated, RFI
• 15 Oct 2015 Rabies - USA (42): (SC) raccoon, feline, human exposure
• 15 Oct 2015 Tomato mosaic virus - Israel: (Negev)
• 15 Oct 2015 Epizootic hemorrhagic disease, bovine - Israel (02): (HZ,JM) conf, OIE
• 15 Oct 2015 Chronic wasting disease, cervid - USA (07): (WY)
• 14 Oct 2015 Ebola update (117): WHO, relapse, WHO interview, susp. research, funding
• 14 Oct 2015 Rabies (EBLV-2), bat - Norway: mainland, susp. RFI
• 14 Oct 2015 Bluetongue - Europe (11): France, st 8, Romania, Hungary, st 4, spread
• 14 Oct 2015 Zika virus - Brazil (13): (MT,AL)
• 14 Oct 2015 Tuberculosis - India (04): (MH) nosocomial, MDR
• 14 Oct 2015 Pneumonia, ovine - USA (04): (CA) bighorn sheep
• 14 Oct 2015 Mushroom poisoning - Spain: (AR)
• 14 Oct 2015 Carbamate poisoning, pets - USA: (FL)
• 14 Oct 2015 Neck blast, rice - India: (HR)
• 13 Oct 2015 Undiagnosed illness - Egypt: (AT) fatal, RFI
• 13 Oct 2015 Poliomyelitis update (07): Laos, Pakistan, Afghanistan, global, WHO
• 13 Oct 2015 Rabies - Ghana (03): (AA) human
• 13 Oct 2015 Cholera, diarrhea & dysentery update (30): Haiti, Belgium ex India
• 13 Oct 2015 Hepatitis C - USA (05): (IN) injection drug use
• 13 Oct 2015 Botulism - UK (07): (Scotland) wound, drug-related
• 13 Oct 2015 Sheep pox & goat pox - India: (MZ) serow
• 13 Oct 2015 Botulism - USA (13): canned seafood, risk, recall
• 13 Oct 2015 Cholera, diarrhea & dysentery update (29): Iraq, WHO
• 13 Oct 2015 Measles update (39): RFI
• 12 Oct 2015 Chikungunya (30): Americas, Asia, Pacific
• 12 Oct 2015 Leishmaniasis, cutaneous - Libya: (TR)
• 12 Oct 2015 Equine grass sickness - UK: comparative pathology
• 12 Oct 2015 MERS-CoV (140): Saudi Arabia, Jordan, WHO, RFI
• 12 Oct 2015 Mycobacterium abscessus - USA: (NC) nosocomial, lung transplant
• 11 Oct 2015 MERS-CoV (139): Saudi Arabia
• 11 Oct 2015 Ebola update (116): WHO, Scottish nurse relapse, susp. research, funding
• 11 Oct 2015 Respiratory infections - UK: Hajj returnees
• 11 Oct 2015 Acute encephalitis syndrome - India (03): (UP) comment
• 11 Oct 2015 Equine infectious anemia - USA (05): (KY)
• 10 Oct 2015 Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever - Pakistan (16): (NW)
• 10 Oct 2015 Epizootic hemorrhagic disease, bovine - Israel: susp., RFI
• 10 Oct 2015 Undiagnosed hemorrhagic fever - Nigeria, RFI
• 10 Oct 2015 Rabies - India (09): (KL) bovine, ex canine exposure
• 10 Oct 2015 Streptococcal pharyngitis - Spain: (GA) school outbreak
• 10 Oct 2015 Vesicular stomatitis - USA (20): (CO) livestock
• 09 Oct 2015 MERS-CoV (138): Saudi Arabia, Jordan, post Hajj surveillance, RFI
• 09 Oct 2015 Lassa fever - Nigeria (08)
• 09 Oct 2015 Japanese encephalitis - Philippines: (AP,BG,KA)
• 09 Oct 2015 Undiagnosed illness - Nepal (02): RFI
• 09 Oct 2015 Impetigo - USA: (OH) schools
• 09 Oct 2015 Rabies - USA (41): (OR) bat, human exposure
• 09 Oct 2015 Rabies - Malaysia (05): (KH) canine, human exposure
• 09 Oct 2015 Avian influenza (191): Laos (XA) HPAI H5N6, poultry, OIE
• 09 Oct 2015 Influenza (51): Germany ex Saudi Arabia, Hajj returnee, RFI
• 09 Oct 2015 Malaria - Mali: resurgence
• 09 Oct 2015 Undiagnosed renal disease, men - multicountry: update
• 09 Oct 2015 Malaria - Venezuela (02): (BO)
• 09 Oct 2015 Bluetongue - USA (03): (ID) cervid
• 09 Oct 2015 Avian influenza, human (121): China (ZJ) H7N9, travel advisory
• 09 Oct 2015 Liberibacter, carrot - Germany: 1st rep (NI)
• 09 Oct 2015 Botulism - Portugal: smoked sausage, alert, recall
• 09 Oct 2015 Tick-borne relapsing fever - USA (04): (AZ)
• 09 Oct 2015 Undiagnosed deaths, canine - Mexico: (Mexico City) poisoning susp, RFI
• 09 Oct 2015 Bacterial leaf blight, rice - Bangladesh: (DA)
• 08 Oct 2015 Invasive mosquito - USA (09): (CA)
• 08 Oct 2015 Dengue/DHF update (31): Americas, Asia
• 08 Oct 2015 Influenza (50): WHO global update, seasonal
• 08 Oct 2015 Leishmaniasis - Argentina (05): (ER) canine
• 08 Oct 2015 BSE, bovine - UK (05): (Wales) classical, control, clarification
• 08 Oct 2015 Anthrax - Kyrgyzstan (08): (BA)
• 08 Oct 2015 Undiagnosed hemorrhagic fever - Sudan: (CD) RFI
• 08 Oct 2015 Canine distemper, wildlife - USA (05): (MN) raccoon, fox, skunk
• 08 Oct 2015 Ebola update (115): WHO updates, Asian Ebola misnomer, susp, research, funding
• 08 Oct 2015 Foot & mouth disease - Russia: ex India, imported buffalo meat, ban, RFI
• 08 Oct 2015 Smoke inhalation - Indonesia
• 08 Oct 2015 Moko disease, banana - Suriname
• 08 Oct 2015 Acute encephalitis syndrome - India (02): (UP)
• 07 Oct 2015 Vesicular stomatitis - USA (19): (WY) livestock
• 07 Oct 2015 Toxic algae - UK (04): water, warning
• 07 Oct 2015 Anthrax - Argentina (05): (BA) bovine
• 07 Oct 2015 Crimean-Congo hem. fever - Pakistan (15): (BA)
• 07 Oct 2015 Salmonellosis, st. Poona - USA (06): Mexican cucumbers, fatal
• 07 Oct 2015 Gastroenteritis - USA (03): (NV) norovirus, schools
• 07 Oct 2015 BSE, bovine - UK (04): (Wales) classical, update
• 07 Oct 2015 Rabies - USA (40): (NJ) feline, humans exposed
• 07 Oct 2015 E. coli EHEC - USA (16): (ME) petting zoo
• 07 Oct 2015 Crimean-Congo hem. fever - India (07)
• 07 Oct 2015 Leptospirosis - South Africa (03): (WC) fatal, prison, rat infestation, comment
• 07 Oct 2015 Crimean-Congo hem. fever - Pakistan (14): (BA)
• 07 Oct 2015 Onchocerciasis - Mexico: eradication
• 07 Oct 2015 Rift Valley fever - Mauritania: (TG)
• 06 Oct 2015 Rabies - Haiti: canine, human
• 06 Oct 2015 Undiagnosed die-off, raccoon dogs - China (02): comment
• 06 Oct 2015 Announcements (06): Nobel prize, anti-parasitic therapies
• 06 Oct 2015 Trichinellosis - Argentina (04): (BA) dry sausage
• 06 Oct 2015 Leishmaniasis - Argentina (04): (CN) vector epidemiology
• 06 Oct 2015 Scrub typhus - Nepal: (KT,DH) fatal
• 05 Oct 2015 Undiagnosed disease, lobster - Viet Nam: RFI
• 05 Oct 2015 Equine herpesvirus, equine - North America (21): USA (PA)
• 05 Oct 2015 Influenza (49): Canada ex Saudi Arabia, Hajj returnees, susp., RFI, Alert
• 05 Oct 2015 Chikungunya (29): Americas, Asia
• 05 Oct 2015 BSE, bovine - UK (03): (Wales) classical, official update
• 05 Oct 2015 Rabies - USA (39): (TX) bat, human exposure, Alert
• 05 Oct 2015 Lumpy skin disease, bovine - Greece (06): (MH) spread, emergency vaccination, OIE
• 05 Oct 2015 Undiagnosed die-off, raccoon dogs - China: RFI
• 05 Oct 2015 Undiagnosed illness, bovine - Thailand: (TK) RFI
• 04 Oct 2015 Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (17): (VA): equine
• 04 Oct 2015 Porcine epidemic diarrhea - North America (04): USA ex China, possible source, 2013-2014
• 04 Oct 2015 Measles - Denmark: 2013-2014 outbreak, analysis
• 04 Oct 2015 Leptospirosis - South Africa (02): (WC) fatal, prisoners, rat infestation, comment
• 04 Oct 2015 Yellow Fever - Americas (12): Peru, sylvan, Brazil (DF) primate, RFI
• 04 Oct 2015 Mumps - USA (09): (IL)
• 04 Oct 2015 BSE, bovine - UK (02): (Wales) classical, conf
• 04 Oct 2015 Ebola update (114): WHO, susp, funding, research
• 04 Oct 2015 Hantavirus update - Americas (37): Argentina (BA)
• 04 Oct 2015 Rabies - USA (38) (WY): human, RFI
• 04 Oct 2015 Toxic algae - UK (03): (England) water, warning
• 04 Oct 2015 Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (17): (NY) human
• 04 Oct 2015 Crimean-Congo hem. fever - Pakistan (13): (BA)
• 03 Oct 2015 Undiagnosed outbreak - Sudan (04): (ND) refugee camps, children, RFI
• 03 Oct 2015 Leishmaniasis - Honduras: (CR)
• 03 Oct 2015 Pseudozyma aphidis - Argentina: human
• 03 Oct 2015 Cholera, diarrhea & dysentery update (28): Americas
• 03 Oct 2015 West Nile virus - Americas (04): USA (KY,OR) equine
• 03 Oct 2015 Rabies - USA (37): (NC) fox, human exposure, APHIS meeting
• 03 Oct 2015 Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (16): (NY) equine
• 03 Oct 2015 Legionellosis - USA (18): (CA) prison, update, RFI
• 02 Oct 2015 Q fever - USA, Canada: ex Germany (RP) sheep cell therapy, 2014
• 02 Oct 2015 Blastomycosis - USA (05): (WI) more cases, RFI
• 02 Oct 2015 Legionellosis - USA (17): (New York City) new outbreak, update, RFI
• 02 Oct 2015 BSE, bovine - UK: (Wales) susp, RFI
• 02 Oct 2015 Syphilis - USA (13): armed forces, rising incidence, men, HIV
• 02 Oct 2015 Bluetongue - Europe (10): Croatia (SD) ovine, st 4, OIE, RFI
• 02 Oct 2015 Epizootic hemorrhagic disease, bovine - Tunisia: (MH) OIE
• 02 Oct 2015 Klebsiella - Mexico: (JA,SI) nosocomial, infant, fatal
• 02 Oct 2015 Bluetongue - USA (02): (WA) cervid
• 02 Oct 2015 Anthrax - West Africa: FAO, human, livestock
• 02 Oct 2015 Avian influenza (190): Nigeria, poultry, HPAI H5N1, spread
• 02 Oct 2015 MERS-CoV (137): Saudi Arabia, Jordan, WHO
• 02 Oct 2015 Tetanus - Bangladesh: (Rangpur)
• 01 Oct 2015 Venezuelan equine encephalitis - Panama: (DA) equine, OIE
• 01 Oct 2015 Measles update (38)
• 01 Oct 2015 Ebola update (113): WHO blamed unfairly
• 01 Oct 2015 Salmonellosis, st Poona - USA (05): Mexican cucumbers, fatal

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